Future Nanotechnology Scope

Visions of self-replicating nanomachines that could devour the Earth in a "grey goo" are probably wide of the mark, but "radical nanotechnology" could still deliver great benefits to society. The question is how best to achieve this goal

Today nanotechnology is still in a formative phase--not unlike the condition of computer science in the 1960s or biotechnology in the 1980s. Yet it is maturing rapidly. Between 1997 and 2005, investment in nanotech research and development by governments around the world soared from $432 million to about $4.1 billion, and corresponding industry investment exceeded that of governments by 2005. By 2015, products incorporating nanotech will contribute approximately $1 trillion to the global economy. About two million workers will be employed in nanotech industries, and three times that many will have supporting jobs

Over time, therefore, nanotechnology should benefit every industrial sector and health care field. It should also help the environment through more efficient use of resources and better methods of pollution control. Nanotech does, however, pose new challenges to risk governance as well. Internationally, more needs to be done to collect the scientific information needed to resolve the ambiguities and to install the proper regulatory oversight. Helping the public to perceive nanotech soberly in a big picture that retains human values and quality of life will also be essential for this powerful new discipline to live up to its astonishing potential.

computerss nano

Dell is a company that makes laptop and desktop computers and computer accessories. It is named after Michael Dell, the CEO and creator of the company. Dell makes computers for businesses and home users, and they also make computer monitors and Printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too.

Their company is in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers come with Linux. Others come with Microsoft Windows.

HP Pavilion is a line of personal computers produced by Hewlett-Packard and introduced in 1995. The name is applied to both desktops and laptops for the Home and Home Office product range.

When HP merged with Compaq in 2002, it took over Compaq's existing naming rights agreement. As a result, HP sells both HP and Compaq-branded machines. Computers can be ordered either directly from the factory or over the phone, and can be customized through choosing desired specifications. This is known as a CTO (formerly BTO) option.

Acer Incorporated (LSE: ACID, TSE: 2353) (traditional Chinese: 宏碁股份有限公司) is a Taiwan-based multinational electronics manufacturer. Its product lineup includes desktops and laptops, as well as personal digital assistants (PDAs), servers and storage, displays, peripherals, and e-business services for business, government, education, and home users.

Acer is the largest manufacturer of laptop computers[2], and the second largest computer manufacturer in the world behind HP[3]. The company also owns the largest franchised computer retail chain in Taipei, Taiwan.[4].

Toshiba Corporation (Japanese: 株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba?) (TYO: 6502) (pronounced: Toe-SHE-buh) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate manufacturing company, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company's main business is in infrastructure, consumer products, electronic devices and components.

Toshiba-made Semiconductors are among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. Toshiba is the world's fifth largest personal computer manufacturer, after Hewlett-Packard and Dell of the U.S., Acer of Taiwan and Lenovo of China.[2]

Toshiba, a world leader in high technology, is a diversified manufacturer and marketer of advanced electronic and electrical products, spanning information & communications equipment and systems, Internet-based solutions and services, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, and household appliances.

Energy applications of nanotechnology

An important subfield of nanotechnology related to energy is nanofabrication. Nanofabrication is the process of designing and creating devices on the nanoscale. Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometers opens many doors for the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy. The inherent level of control that nanofabrication could give scientists and engineers would be critical in providing the capability of solving many of the problems that the world is facing today related to the current generation of energy technologies.

People in the fields of science and engineering have already begun developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology for the development of consumer products. Benefits already observed from the design of these products are an increased efficiency of lighting and heating, increased electrical storage capacity, and a decrease in the amount of pollution from the use of energy. Benefits such as these make the investment of capital in the research and development of nanotechnology a top priority.

Fuel cells in power generation are currently designed for transportation need rapid start-up periods for the practicality of consumer use. This process puts a lot of strain on the traditional polymer electrolyte membranes, which decreases the life of the membrane requiring frequent replacement. Using nanotechnology, engineers have the ability to create a much more durable polymer membrane, which addresses this problem. Nanoscale polymer membranes are also much more efficient in ionic conductivity. This improves the efficiency of the system and decreases the time between replacements, which lowers costs.

The batteries in the Research for longer lasting batteries has been an ongoing process for years. Researchers have now begun to utilize nanotechnology for battery technology. mPhase Technologies in conglomeration with Rutgers University and Bell Laboratories have utilized nanomaterials to alter the wetting behavior of the surface where the liquid in the battery lies to spread the liquid droplets over a greater area on the surface and therefore have greater control over the movement of the droplets. This gives more control to the designer of the battery. This control prevents reactions in the battery by separating the electrolytic liquid from the anode and the cathode when the battery is not in use and joining them when the battery is in need of use.

Thermal applications also are a future applications of nanothechonlogy creating low cost system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, changing molecular structure for better management of temperature

Biotechnology is technology based on biology, agriculture, food science, and medicine. Modern use of the term usually refers to genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. However, the concept encompasses a wider range and history of procedures for modifying living things according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. By comparison to biotechnology, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field with its emphasis more on mechanical and higher systems approaches to interfacing with and exploiting living things. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:[1]

"Any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use."

Biotechnology draws on the pure biological sciences (genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology) and in many instances is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics). Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:-bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale."[6] Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation.
White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.

Nanotechnology in artificial intelligence

Educating the public about nanotechnology and other complex but emerging technologies causes people to become more “worried and cautious” about the new technologies’ prospective benefits, according to a recent study by researchers at North Carolina State University.

The nano medicine may helpm any people believe that informed citizen input should influence public policies about modern science and technology, but several prominent academics warn against relying on citizen deliberations to promote public engagement in policy-making. These scholars contend that citizens do not enjoy the process of deliberating and individual and collective opinions developed during group deliberation are often worse than if deliberation had never taken place. Following the Danish practice known as “Consensus Conferences,” we tested this skeptical perspective about citizen capacities by holding Citizen Technology Forums (CTF) in six cities in the United States throughout March 2008. Volunteer participants became informed about human enhancement technologies and they generated written reports about their concerns and recommendations regarding the development trajectory of these technologies. We find that participants dramatically increased their factual understanding about human enhancement technologies and they reported feeling more internally efficacious and trusting of others after deliberating; however, they also became more wary of the potential risks and benefits of these technologies and more concerned about potential inequities in the distribution of these benefits.

Nanotechnology is a relatively new field of research and scientific development. It has been speculated about for decades and the wonders and advantages of nanotechnology have been extolled by many. But not all.

The scientific community, in its never ending quest for information and knowledge, consistently fails to seriously acknowledge the dangers of "invisible" technology, such as nanotechnology, going haywire. Nothing is ever to go wrong according to them yet it always does somehow.

In this respect, nanotechnology is not different from other new disciplines. We, as humans, don't seem to have the capacity to really learn to understand something before we start to mess with it on a big scale.

And when things do go wrong - just imagine an autodidactic nano-intelligence on the loose - we end up fighting the symptoms, pointing fingers at each other, and deny any or all culpability.

Forethought of possible consequences is usually far from our minds as we are caught up, or pushed by superiors, to make the research investment profitable as soon as possible.

Nanotech Robotics Items

Rbotics the joint use of nanoelectronics, photolithography, and new biomaterials, can be considered as a possible way to enable the required manufacturing technology towards nanorobots for common medical applications, such as for surgical instrumentation, diagnosis and drug delivery.Indeed, this feasible approach towards manufacturing on nanotechnology is a practice currently in use from the electronics industry.So, practical nanorobots should be integrated as nanoelectronics devices, which will allow tele-operation and advanced capabilities for medical instrumentation.

Construction of Nanotechnology promises futuristic applications such as microscopic robots that assemble other machines or travel inside the body to deliver drugs or do microsurgery.These machines will face some unique physics. At small scales, fluids appear as viscous as molasses, and Brownian motion makes everything incessantly shake. Taking inspiration from the biological motors of living cells, chemists are learning how to power microsize and nanosize machines with catalytic reactions

Nanorobotics is an emerging field that deals with the controlled manipulation of objects with nanometer-scale dimensions. Typically, an atom has a diameter of a few Ångstroms (1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m), a molecule's size is a few nm, and clusters or nanoparticles formed by hundreds or thousands of atoms have sizes of tens of nm. Therefore, Nanorobotics is concerned with interactions with atomic- and molecular-sized objects-and is sometimes called Molecular Robotics. We use these two expressions, plus Nanomanipulation, as synonyms in this article.

Molecular Robotics falls within the purview of Nanotechnology, which is the study of phenomena and structures with characteristic dimensions in the nanometer range. The birth of Nanotechnology is usually associated with a talk by Nobel-prize winner Richard Feynman entitled "There is plenty of room at the bottom", whose text may be found in [Crandall & Lewis 1992]. Nanotechnology has the potential for major scientific and practical breakthroughs. Future applications ranging from very fast computers to self-replicating robots are described in Drexler's seminal book [

Nanotechnology is being pursued along two converging directions. From the top down, semiconductor fabrication techniques are producing smaller and smaller structures-see e.g. [Colton & Marrian 1995] for recent work. For example, the line width of the original Pentium chip is 350 nm. Current optical lithography techniques have obvious resolution limitations because of the wavelength of visible light, which is in the order of 500 nm. X-ray and electron-beam lithography will push sizes further down, but with a great increase in complexity and cost of fabrication. These top-down techniques do not seem promising for building nanomachines that require precise positioning of atoms or molecules.

Alternatively, one can proceed from the bottom up, by assembling atoms and molecules into functional components and systems. There are two main approaches for building useful devices from nanoscale components. The first is based on self-assembly, and is a natural evolution of traditional chemistry and bulk processing-see e.g. [Gómez-López et al. 1996]. The other is based on controlled positioning of nanoscale objects, direct application of forces, electric fields, and so on. The self-assembly approach is being pursued at many laboratories. Despite all the current activity, self-assembly has severe limitations because the structures produced tend to be highly symmetric, and the most versatile self-assembled systems are organic and therefore generally lack robustness. The second approach involves Nanomanipulation, and is being studied by a small number of researchers, who are focusing on techniques based on Scanning Probe Microscopy (abbreviated SPM, and described later in this article).

A top-down technique that is closely related to Nanomanipulation involves removing or depositing small amounts of material by using an SPM. This approach falls within what is usually called Nanolithography. SPM-based Nanolithography is akin to machining or to rapid prototyping techniques such as stereolithography. For example, one can remove a row or two of hydrogen atoms on a silicon substrate that has been passivated with hydrogen by moving the tip of an SPM in a straight line over the substrate and applying a suitable voltage. The removed atoms are "lost" to the environment, much like metal chips in a machining operation. Lines with widths in the order of 10 to 100 nm have been written by these techniques-see e.g. [Wiesendanger 1994] for a survey of some of this work. In this article we focus on Nanomanipulation proper, which is akin to assembly in the macroworld.

Nanorobotics research has proceeded along two lines. The first is devoted to the design and computational simulation of robots with nanoscale dimensions-see [Drexler 1992] for the design of robots that resemble their macroscopic counterparts. Drexler's nanorobot uses various mechanical components such as nanogears built primarily with carbon atoms in a diamondoid structure. A major issue is how to build these devices, and little experimental progress has been made towards their construction.

The second area of Nanorobotics research involves manipulation of nanoscale objects with macroscopic instruments. Experimental work has been focused on this area, especially through the use of SPMs as robots. The remainder of this article describes SPM principles, surveys SPM use in Nanomanipulation, looks at the SPM as a robot, and concludes with a discussion of some of the challenges that face Nanorobotics research.


Scanning Probe Microscopes

The Scanning Tunelling Microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer at the IBM Zürich laboratory in the early 1980s, and won them a Nobel prize four years later.

Nanotechnology in aerospace

Aerospace “The importance of the space sector can be emphasized by the number of spacecrafts launched. In the period from 1957 till 2005, 6376 spacecraft have been launched at an average of 133 per year. The has been a decrease in the number of spacecrafts launched in the recent years with 78 launched in 2005. Of the 6378 launches, 56.8% were military spacecrafts and 43.2 were civilian. 245 manned missions have been launched in this period. 1674 communication or weather satellites were also launched. The remaining spacecraft launches has been exploration missions.”

satellites for Nanoscale will increasingly have an impact on numerous commercial, military and space aero-applications. I covered nano military applications in a column last year and will cover that subject again sometime later this year. I would like to review non-military aerospace applications here.

CANEUS is described as the world's foremost international conference on Micro-Nano-Technology (MNT) development for aerospace applications. According to its webpage , the conference deals with the challenges of rapidly and efficiently transitioning aerospace MNT development from a low technology-readiness-level (TRL) to system-level implementations based on an integrated "cradle-to-grave" approach.

The webpage describes CANEUS stakeholders as:
the low-TRL research and development community;
the mid- and high-TRL system developer community;
end-users from the aerospace and defense sectors;
the private investment community, consisting of venture capitalists and investors;
government investors in CANEUS member countries;
government policy makers for cross-border collaborations;and
scientists, engineers, program managers, investors and policy-makers from the U.S., Canada, Europe, and Asia, representing these MNT stakeholder communities.

The conference covers such topics as:
emerging MNT concepts (low TRL);
MNT system development (mid TRL);
mature systems and dub-dystems (high TRL);
end-user needs and perspectives);
investment perspectives and roadmaps; and
governmental policies affecting coordinated, joint international development of aerospace MNT.

Nanowerk reported recently that CANEUS has launched a "pre-seed" fund to provide partial funding for system-level development projects recommended by the CANEUS Board. Contributors gain privileged access to downstream investment opportunities. The fund description is posted on the CANEUS website. A NATO lecture series has been developed on nanotechnology aerospace applications. Interestingly, a paper published in 1999 covered the application of molecular nanotechnology in aerospace.

The Open-Site free internet encyclopedia has a write-up about the purpose, needs, problems and solutions of nanotechnology research for aerospace.

The most complete publicly available report on nanotechnology applications in non-military aerospace was published recently by the Nanoforum. It says this Nanotechnology in Aerospace report “presents a concise introduction and contribution to the expert debate on trends in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for applications in the civil aeronautics and space sectors in Europe and explicitly excludes any military R&D and applications.”

computer science to nanotechnology

Smaller, lighter computers and an end to worries about electrical failures sending hours of on-screen work into an inaccessible limbo mark the potential result of Argonne research on tiny ferroelectric crystals.

"Tiny" means billionths of a meter, or about 1/500th the width of a human hair. These nanomaterials behave differently than their larger bulk counterparts. Argonne researchers have learned that they are more chemically reactive, exhibit new electronic properties and can be used to create materials that are stronger, tougher and more resistant to friction and wear than bulk materials.

Improved nano-engineered ferroelectric crystals could realize a 50-year-old dream of creating nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). The first fruits of it can be seen in Sony's PlayStation 2 and in smart cards now in use in Brazil, China and Japan. A simple wave of a smart card identifies personnel or pays for gas or public transportation.

Computing applications

RAM – random access memory – is used when someone enters information or gives a command to the computer. It can be written to as well as read but - with standard commercial technology - holds its content only while powered by electricity.

Argonne materials scientists have created and are studying nanoscale crystals of ferroelectric materials that can be altered by an electrical field and retain any changes.

Ferroelectric materials – so called, because they behave similarly to ferromagnetic materials even though they don't generally contain iron – consist of crystals whose low symmetry causes spontaneous electrical polarization along one or more of their axes. The application of voltage can change this polarity. Ferroelectric crystals can also change mechanical to electrical energy– the piezoelectric effect – or electrical energy to optical effects.

A strong external electrical field can reverse the plus and minus poles of ferroelectric polarization. The crystals hold their orientation until forced to change by another applied electric field. Thus, they can be coded as binary memory, representing "zero" in one orientation and "one" in the other.

Because the crystals do not revert spontaneously, RAM made with them would not be erased should there be a power failure. Laptop computers would no longer need back-up batteries, permitting them to be made still smaller and lighter. There would be a similar impact on cell phones.

Achieving such permanence is a long-standing dream of the computer industry.

"Companies such as AT&T, Ford, IBM, RCA and Westinghouse Electric made serious efforts to develop non-volatile RAMs in the 1950s, but couldn't achieve commercial use," said Argonne researcher Orlando Auciello. "Back then, NVRAMs were based on expensive ferroelectric single crystals, which required substantial voltage to switch their polarity. This, and cross talk inherent in the then recently devised row matrix address concept, made them impractical.

"Working on the nanoscale changes this," said Auciello. "It means higher density memories with faster speeds and megabyte (the amount of memory needed to store one million characters of information) - or even gigabyte (one billion bytes) - capacity. It's not clear how soon such capacity will be available, but competition is heavy, stakes are high, and some companies claim they will have the first fruits of this research within two years."

Nanotechnology in Medicine

Applications of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involve employing nano-particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific cells in the human body. Engineering particles to be used in this way allows detection and/or treatment of diseases or injuries within the targeted cells, thereby minimizing the damage to healthy cells in the body.

The longer range future of nanotechnology in medicine is referred to as nanomedicine. This involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level.

Nanotechnology in Medicine: Company DirectoryCompany Product
1.CytImmune: Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs to tumors

2.Nucryst: Antimicrobial wound dressings using silver nanocrystals

3.Nanobiotix: Nanoparticles that target tumor cells, when irradiated by xrays nanoparticles generate electrons which cause localized destruction of the tumor cel ls.

4.Oxonica: Disease identification using gold nanoparticles (biomarkers)

5.Nanotherapeutics: Nanoparticles for improving the performance of drug delivery by oral, inhaled or nasal methods

6.NanoBio: Nanoemulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses (such as the flu and colds) and bacteria

7.BioDelivery: Sciences Oral drug delivery of drugs encapuslated in a nanocrystalline structure called a cochleate

8.NanoBioMagnetics: Magnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and other applications

8.Z-Medica: Medical gauze containing aluminosilicate nanoparticles which help bood clot faster in open wounds.

Nanotechnology is used to create ultra-small polymer particles capable of carrying the drugs into the body. The scientists say the development of the combination drug makes it possible to create a precise feedback system that can safely regulate release of the drugs aboard the nanoparticles

Using human plasma in laboratory tests, one ‘pro drug’ was successfully identified as being able to sense oxygen blood levels and turned on or off as needed.

“When respiratory distress is too severe, that will trigger release of Naloxone, the antagonist (morphine-suppressing) drug. When the oxygen blood levels go up, that will stop the action of the antagonist drug and more morphine will be available,” says Baohua Huang, Ph.D., the study’s first author and a research investigator at the Michigan Nanotechnology Institute and in Internal Medicine.

MNIMBS scientists are conducting further extensive studies before testing on humans proceeds.

silver in nanotechnology

Silver has been used for centuries to prevent and treat a variety of diseases, most notably infections. It has been well documented that silver coins were used in ancient Greece and Rome as a disinfectant for the storage of water and other liquids. (1,2) More recently, NASA still uses silver to maintain water purity on the space shuttle. Silver has extremely potent antimicrobial properties, as only one part per 100 million of elemental silver is an effective antimicrobial in a solution. Free silver ions, or radicals, are known to be the active antimicrobial agent. In order to achieve a bactericidal effect, silver ions must be available in solution at the bacterial surface. Efficacy depends on the aqueous concentration of these ions. Silver ions appear to kill micro-organisms instantly by blocking the respiratory enzyme system (energy production), as well as altering microbe DNA and the cell wall, while having no toxic effect on human cells in vivo.

More recent information has provided, at least a hypotheses as to the mechanism of silver’s pro-healing and anti-inflammatory effects. Initial literature reports on the use of pure silver, mainly in the electro-colloidal form, occurred prior to the 1940’s when pure silver was still being used. After 1940 a host of systemic antibiotics became prevalent, decreasing the use of silver except as a topical agent. During this transition, silver was complexed as a salt (e.g. silver nitrate and silver sulfadiazine) or other compound (e.g. silver protein) to increase the available silver ion concentration. These silver complexes remain a popular topical antimicrobial agent for the care of wounds. Silver itself is considered to be non-toxic to human cells in vivo.(4) The only reported complication is the cosmetic abnormality argyria caused by precipitation of silver salts in the skin and leading to a blue-gray color

Thus, if none of the chemical species produced include silver hydroxide complexes with the general formula Agx(OH)y (charge = x-y), then it is conceivable that uptake could occur through the orthophosphate pathway. Such a scenario would explain the rapid uptake and kill of microorganisms as well as the susceptibility of silver resistant organisms. The presence of Ag0 suggests that there must be clusters present as it is unlikely that a bare atom such as Ag0 could exist on its own. These clusters may exist as uncharged or charged entities, but it is unknown what the biological activity might be. It is known that other heavy metals such as Au and Pt have unique biological properties including anti-inflammatory and apoptosis induction (anti-tumour?) activity. Since these activities have not been observed with Ag+ in the past, but they have been observed with dissolution products of nanocrytalline silver, it is postulated that it is the other species released, including Ag0, that may be partly or wholly responsible for the unusual biological properties.

Nanotechnology in Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Medicine

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a Working Group of investigators on February 28, 2003, in Bethesda, Maryland to review the challenges and opportunities offered by nanotechnology. The Working Group members included engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicians with an interest in applying nanotechnology and nanoscience to problems in heart, lung, blood and sleep medicine. The Working Group participants first reviewed the responses received to a Request for Information. The participants then discussed the scientific opportunities which nanotechnology and nanoscience bring to research and treatment for heart, lung, blood, and sleep diseases, identifying areas of particular promise. Drug delivery and therapeutics, molecular imaging, diagnostics and biosensors, and tissue engineering and biomaterials were thought by Working Group members to be fields where nanotechnology was likely to have an impact in the near future.

The Working Group next addressed perceived needs and barriers hindering the development and application of nanotechnology solutions to disease problems. Since investigators working in heart, lung, blood and sleep research are rarely skilled in the use of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, while investigators with nanotechnology skills rarely focus on heart, lung, and blood disorders, fostering partnerships between the two communities was recognized as being essential for bringing nanotechnology and nanoscience into the clinical arena. The provision of centralized resources, for example molecular libraries for intra- and extracellular targeting, to provide broad access to resources in a cost-effective way was also discussed.

The Working Group went on to identify specific disease examples where the application of nanotechnology and nanoscience is likely to be of particular benefit in the next five to ten years. Areas recognized as being ready for the application of nanotechnology and nanoscience included; 1) diagnosis and treatment of vulnerable plaque; 2) tissue repair, engineering and remodeling for replacement and repair of blood vessels and heart and lung tissue; 3) diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lung inflammatory diseases; 4) multifunctional devices capable of monitoring the body for the onset of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events, signaling externally and releasing therapeutic drugs; 5) in vivo sensors monitoring patients for sleep apnea.

Finally, the Working Group made recommendations for the Institute on how to support research in this field. The recommendations of the Working Group are to:

Create multidisciplinary research teams capable of developing and applying nanotechnology to heart, lung, blood, and sleep research and medicine; disseminating technology, materials, and resources; and training a new generation of investigators.
Support individual investigators to conduct research on the application of nanotechnology advances to biological and clinical problems.
Foster pilot programs and developmental research to attract new investigators and stimulate creative, high-impact research.
Encourage the small business community to become involved in the development of nanotechnology applications.

nano trend

The cerebral aneurysm in data transmission is done in application layer and it is also broadcast through wireless radio using a pattern and analyzed using spread spectrum. The cerebral aneurysm is effective development in DNA results danger situation in human body.

The effective development DNA nanotechnology is a subfield of nanotechnology which seeks to use the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create novel, controllable structures out of DNA. The DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of genetic information, making it an example of bionanotechnology. This has possible applications in molecular self-assembly and in DNA computing .

nano for computers

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.

Animation may that can both help to stop the transmission of diseases (STDs) such as HIV and prevent during pregnancy.Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s.

Apple is an American company that makes computer hardware, computer software, and portable devices like mobile telephones and music players. Apple calls its computers Macintoshes or Macs. Their popular line of mobile music players are called iPods and a mobile phone they have released is called the iPhone. Apple sells their products all around the world.One of the most popular products made by Apple is the iPod. All iPods with a screen can play music, display pictures, and play video. There are several different types of iPods.

Apple iPod touch
iPod touch 8 GB - has a touch screen and looks much like the iPhone. It can hold about 2,000 songs.
iPod touch 16 GB - This model can hold about 4,000 songs.
iPod touch 32 GB - This model can hold about 8,000 songs. It first went on sale in February 2008.
In the future (around 2009-2010) they will create an iPod touch 64 GB - This model can hold about 16,000 songs.

Apple Desktops

iMac
Mac Mini (a very tiny, but fully functional computer that does not come with its own monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Used mainly for home and school)
iMac (a computer where everything is built in behind the screen, mainly for home and school)
Mac Pro (a powerful, fast computer that does not come with its own monitor, for professional people)

nanobots

Nanobots the size of living cells swimming around our bodies, doing our bidding to fight disease, make repairs, and augment our abilities? Futurists and sci-fi books have cooked up this fantasy for years, but will it really happen? Sorry to burst your bubble sci-fi fans, but man-made, fantastic voyage-like motorized nanobots swimming through our bodies simply aren’t in our near term future. Luckily there is another way, and believe it or not a company called Dendreon has already done it!


So what’s the catch? Although Dendreon used nanobots to fight prostate cancer, they didn’t make the nanobots themselves! Instead, Dendreon used the masterfully equipped nanobots that already reside in our bodies. That’s right, I am talking about our own immune system. Enlisting the billions of cells of the body’s immune system as an army of specialized nanobots isn’t at all as fascinating as what we see in the movies, but it is every bit as effective and it is available now.


Just a few weeks ago we wrote a story on the breakthrough from Dendreon, but since then there have been some notable developments.

The magic behind Dendreon’s cancer therapy, called Provenge, is that it trains cells from the body’s immune system to identify the unique surface of individual prostate cancer cells anywhere in the body and destroy them. The idea is not a new one, but Dendreon appears to be the first to have succeeded in making it a reality.

At the time of our last story, Dendreon had announced that its phase 3 trial of Provenge had shown significant success in prolonging the life expectancy of prostate cancer patients, but held off on giving any other details until a meeting scheduled for April 28. Dendreon’s decision to hold off on this data until April 28 created a great deal of suspense and uncertainty, and many questioned whether or not the data was going to be as good as investors (and patients!) had hoped. To add further drama to the story, a freakish 50% drop in the stock just hours before Dendreon released its results on April 28th is yet to be explained.


Although Dendreon’s treatment currently focuses on fighting prostate cancer, the company (and its competitors) will be working furiously in the coming years to harness this same technique to fight other diseases.

Man-made nanobots are a cool idea, and their time will come eventually. But in the meantime why reinvent the wheel when the nanobots of our immune system are already sitting there, waiting to take our command? Dendreon shows us that this is indeed a viable (and financially rewarding!) technique, opening the door to an exciting new paradigm in medical treatment.

trading in nano

The global Trading and recommendations of the foreign exchange market is the biggest market in the world. The 3.2 trillion USD daily turnover dwarfs the combined turnover of all the world's stock and bond markets.

Forex has reasons for the popularity of foreign exchange trading, but among the most important are the leverage available, the high liquidity 24 hours a day and the very low dealing costs associated with trading.

Import and export is a commercial organisations participate purely due to the currency exposures created by their import and export activities, but the main part of the turnover is accounted for by financial institutions. Investing in foreign exchange remains predominantly the domain of the big professional players in the market - funds, banks and brokers. Nevertheless, any investor with the necessary knowledge of the market's functions can benefit from the advantages stated above

International currency is dollar was no longer suitable as the sole international money at a time when it was under severe pressure from increasing US budget and trade deficits


Stock and bond is lack of sustainability in fixed foreign exchange rates gained new relevance with the events in Financial institutions.

Trading foreign exchange is exciting and potentially very profitable, but there are also significant risk factors.you can always discuss the matter in-depth with one of our dealers. They are available 24 hours a day on the Saxo Bank online trading system, SaxoTrader

The combination of our strong emphasis on customer service, our strategy and trading recommendations, our strategic and individual hedging programmes, along with the availability to our clients of the latest news and information builds a strong case for trading an individual account through Saxo Bank.